How To Extract Mushrooms Using Ultrasonic Assisted Device?

Currently, research on the extraction of antioxidants and anti-aging drugs from natural products has attracted widespread attention from domestic and foreign scholars. Considerable research results have been achieved in this field, and based on comprehensive domestic and international research reports, natural antioxidant active ingredients mainly come from plants, fungi (such as mushrooms), marine organisms, and other sources. Among these, the most extensively researched are the antioxidant active ingredients derived from plants. Studies have shown that crude extracts of methanol and water from mushrooms have free radical scavenging properties and can inhibit hemolysis in rats. The polysaccharides they contain can scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation caused by superoxide anions on red blood cells, and also have a certain inhibitory effect on the lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid, vegetable oil, and isolated liver tissue induced by free radicals. Therefore, the development of mushroom fruiting body extracts and their polysaccharide resources to screen for non-toxic or low-toxic substances with antioxidant activity is of significant practical importance and application value, making it a hot research topic.

However, the current methods for extracting active substances from mushrooms are time-consuming, with each cycle generally taking a long time and resulting in low extraction efficiency, leading to raw material wastage. This inefficiency in quickly and effectively extracting active substances from mushroom products necessitates further improvement.

This article presents a high-pressure combined with ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for extracting active substances from mushrooms, which includes the following steps:

(1) Raw material pretreatment: Clean the raw materials by gas wiping or wiping with a clean dry cloth, then slice them. Ensure that the thickness of the slices is less than 3mm. 

Dehydrate at a temperature below 18 degrees Celsius under vacuum, and finally dehydrate again to reduce the moisture content of the slices to less than 5.5%.

(2) Crushing: Grind the dehydrated mushroom slices using a tissue crusher, filter the crushed mushroom through a 15-mesh filter sieve to obtain mushroom powder, dehydrate again under vacuum to obtain a solid powder with a moisture content below 4%.

(3) Low-temperature fat extraction: Add petroleum ether in a certain proportion, with the amount of petroleum ether being 3-4 times the amount of solid powder. Immerse at 16 degrees Celsius for half an hour, then stir for half an hour using a stirrer, let it stand for over 8 hours, filter the supernatant with filter paper, repeat this process 4-5 times, merge the supernatants, and store the merged supernatants at a temperature below 18 degrees Celsius.

(4) Pressing the residue: Mix the filtered residue from step (3) with a certain concentration of sodium chloride solution (0.4mol/L NaCl). Seal the mixture in a high-pressure bag, rapidly pressurize to 200-300MPa, maintain pressure for a certain time, rapidly release pressure, and repeat the pressurization, maintenance, and release steps 3-5 times. Ensure the pressurization rate is 70MPa/s and the depressurization rate is 140MPa/s.

(5) Ultrasonic extraction: Pour the solution processed in step (4) into a beaker, place it in an ultrasonic extractor, subject the solution to ultrasonic extraction at a power of 120-140W for 20 minutes, with ultrasonic oscillation every 5 minutes, at least 3 times. Filter using filter paper 3 times to obtain the supernatant.

(6) Ethanol extraction: Mix the supernatant prepared in step (3) with the supernatant obtained in step (5), gradually add 95% ethanol while stirring, with the volume ratio of the mixture to 95% ethanol ranging from 1:3 to 1:4. Centrifuge the mixture on a centrifuge at 5000r/min for 5 minutes, repeat the centrifugation and filtration steps at least 3 times, let it stand for 2 hours, filter to obtain precipitate.

(7) Drying to obtain active substances: Freeze-dry the precipitate to obtain the desired extracted active substances. The freeze-drying temperature should be below 5 degrees Celsius, and store the extracted active substances at a temperature below -10 degrees Celsius.

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The process begins with fat extraction to first extract the active substances dissolved in fat. Subsequently, the residue after fat extraction undergoes high-pressure combined with ultrasonic extraction techniques. The application of high pressure can induce changes in internal and external pressure differentials within the raw materials, altering cell structures. When combined with ultrasonic-assisted extraction, the cavitation effect of ultrasound can facilitate the release of target components from the material being extracted, enabling rapid and efficient extraction of active substances from biological sources, significantly increasing the yield. Finally, the active substances extracted through fat and ethanol extraction are combined, dried, and stored at low temperatures, greatly improving the extraction efficiency of active substances.